<linkhref="ch-software.en.html"rel="chapter"title="5 Software available in the Debian system">
<linkhref="ch-ftparchives.en.html"rel="chapter"title="6 The Debian FTP archives">
<linkhref="ch-pkg_basics.en.html"rel="chapter"title="7 Basics of the Debian package management system">
<linkhref="ch-pkgtools.en.html"rel="chapter"title="8 The Debian package management tools">
<linkhref="ch-uptodate.en.html"rel="chapter"title="9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date">
<linkhref="ch-kernel.en.html"rel="chapter"title="10 Debian and the kernel">
<linkhref="ch-customizing.en.html"rel="chapter"title="11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux">
<linkhref="ch-support.en.html"rel="chapter"title="12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux">
<linkhref="ch-contributing.en.html"rel="chapter"title="13 Contributing to the Debian Project">
<linkhref="ch-redistrib.en.html"rel="chapter"title="14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product">
<linkhref="ch-nexttime.en.html"rel="chapter"title="15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian">
<linkhref="ch-faqinfo.en.html"rel="chapter"title="16 General information about the FAQ">
<linkhref="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq"rel="section"title="1.1 What is this FAQ?">
<linkhref="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian"rel="section"title="1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?">
<linkhref="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux"rel="section"title="1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!">
<linkhref="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux"rel="section"title="1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?">
<linkhref="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference"rel="section"title="1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?">
<linkhref="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu"rel="section"title="1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?">
<linkhref="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation"rel="section"title="1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?">
<linkhref="ch-getting.en.html#s-version"rel="section"title="2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?">
<linkhref="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable"rel="section"title="2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?">
<linkhref="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies"rel="section"title="2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?">
<linkhref="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom"rel="section"title="2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?">
<linkhref="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks"rel="section"title="2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!">
<linkhref="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall"rel="section"title="2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?">
<linkhref="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller"rel="section"title="2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?">
<linkhref="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1"rel="section"title="3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?">
<linkhref="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2"rel="section"title="3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?">
<linkhref="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches"rel="section"title="4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?">
<linkhref="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs"rel="section"title="4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?">
<linkhref="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices"rel="section"title="4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?">
<linkhref="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages"rel="section"title="4.4 Can I use Debian packages (".deb" files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (".rpm" files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?">
<linkhref="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs"rel="section"title="4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?">
<linkhref="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap"rel="section"title="4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?">
<linkhref="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx"rel="section"title="4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?">
<linkhref="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls"rel="section"title="4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?">
<linkhref="ch-software.en.html#s-apps"rel="section"title="5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?">
<linkhref="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors"rel="section"title="5.2 Who wrote all that software?">
<linkhref="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist"rel="section"title="5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?">
<linkhref="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv"rel="section"title="5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?">
<linkhref="ch-software.en.html#s-missing"rel="section"title="5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?">
<linkhref="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs"rel="section"title="5.6 Why do I get "ld: cannot find -lfoo" messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?">
<linkhref="ch-software.en.html#s-java"rel="section"title="5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?">
<linkhref="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian"rel="section"title="5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?">
<linkhref="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish"rel="section"title="5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?">
<linkhref="ch-software.en.html#s-pine"rel="section"title="5.10 Where is pine?">
<linkhref="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail"rel="section"title="5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?">
<linkhref="ch-software.en.html#s-flash"rel="section"title="5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?">
<linkhref="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth"rel="section"title="5.13 Where is Google Earth?">
<linkhref="ch-software.en.html#s-voip"rel="section"title="5.14 Where is VoIP software?">
<linkhref="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless"rel="section"title="5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?">
<linkhref="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists"rel="section"title="6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?">
<linkhref="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames"rel="section"title="6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?">
<linkhref="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid"rel="section"title="6.3 What about "sid"?">
<linkhref="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable"rel="section"title="6.4 What does the stable directory contain?">
<linkhref="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing"rel="section"title="6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?">
<linkhref="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable"rel="section"title="6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?">
<linkhref="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree"rel="section"title="6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?">
<linkhref="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections"rel="section"title="6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?">
<linkhref="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source"rel="section"title="6.9 Where is the source code?">
<linkhref="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools"rel="section"title="6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?">
<linkhref="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming"rel="section"title="6.11 What is "incoming"?">
<linkhref="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository"rel="section"title="6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?">
<linkhref="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package"rel="section"title="7.1 What is a Debian package?">
<linkhref="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format"rel="section"title="7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?">
<linkhref="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname"rel="section"title="7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?">
<linkhref="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile"rel="section"title="7.4 What is a Debian control file?">
<linkhref="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile"rel="section"title="7.5 What is a Debian conffile?">
<linkhref="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts"rel="section"title="7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?">
<linkhref="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority"rel="section"title="7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?">
<linkhref="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual"rel="section"title="7.8 What is a Virtual Package?">
<linkhref="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends"rel="section"title="7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?">
<linkhref="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends"rel="section"title="7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?">
<linkhref="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus"rel="section"title="7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?">
<linkhref="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold"rel="section"title="7.12 How do I put a package on hold?">
<linkhref="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs"rel="section"title="7.13 How do I install a source package?">
<linkhref="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild"rel="section"title="7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?">
<linkhref="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs"rel="section"title="7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?">
<linkhref="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs"rel="section"title="8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?">
<linkhref="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning"rel="section"title="8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?">
<linkhref="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages"rel="section"title="8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?">
<linkhref="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles"rel="section"title="8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?">
<linkhref="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch"rel="section"title="8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?">
<linkhref="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages"rel="section"title="8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?">
<linkhref="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent"rel="section"title="9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?">
<linkhref="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle"rel="section"title="9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?">
<linkhref="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs"rel="section"title="9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?">
<linkhref="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog"rel="section"title="9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!">
<linkhref="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate"rel="section"title="9.5 Can I automatically update the system?">
<linkhref="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy"rel="section"title="9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?">
<linkhref="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel"rel="section"title="10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?">
<linkhref="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel"rel="section"title="10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?">
<linkhref="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk"rel="section"title="10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?">
<linkhref="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules"rel="section"title="10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?">
<linkhref="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel"rel="section"title="10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?">
<linkhref="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize"rel="section"title="11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?">
<linkhref="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess"rel="section"title="11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?">
<linkhref="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont"rel="section"title="11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?">
<linkhref="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults"rel="section"title="11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?">
<linkhref="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting"rel="section"title="11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's.">
<linkhref="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts"rel="section"title="11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?">
<linkhref="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles"rel="section"title="11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?">
<linkhref="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert"rel="section"title="11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?">
<linkhref="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages"rel="section"title="11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?">
<linkhref="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse"rel="section"title="11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?">
<linkhref="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs"rel="section"title="12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?">
<linkhref="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources"rel="section"title="12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?">
<linkhref="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools"rel="section"title="12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?">
<linkhref="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs"rel="section"title="12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?">
<linkhref="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport"rel="section"title="12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?">
<linkhref="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib"rel="section"title="13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?">
<linkhref="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources"rel="section"title="13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?">
<linkhref="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations"rel="section"title="13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?">
<linkhref="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds"rel="section"title="14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?">
<linkhref="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree"rel="section"title="14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?">
<linkhref="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro"rel="section"title="14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a "vertical market". Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?">
<linkhref="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs"rel="section"title="14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian "package" so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?">
<linkhref="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n"rel="section"title="15.1 Extended support for non-English users">
<linkhref="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot"rel="section"title="15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence">
<linkhref="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di"rel="section"title="15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer">
<linkhref="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches"rel="section"title="15.4 More architectures">
<linkhref="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels"rel="section"title="15.5 More kernels">
<linkhref="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1"rel="subsection"title="3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?">
<linkhref="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2"rel="subsection"title="3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?">
<linkhref="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3"rel="subsection"title="3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?">
<linkhref="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4"rel="subsection"title="3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?">
<linkhref="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5"rel="subsection"title="3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?">
<linkhref="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6"rel="subsection"title="3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?">
<linkhref="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7"rel="subsection"title="3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?">
<linkhref="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8"rel="subsection"title="3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?">
<linkhref="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9"rel="subsection"title="3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?">
<linkhref="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10"rel="subsection"title="3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?">
<linkhref="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11"rel="subsection"title="3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?">
<linkhref="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12"rel="subsection"title="3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?">
<linkhref="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13"rel="subsection"title="3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?">
<linkhref="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1"rel="subsection"title="3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?">
<linkhref="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2"rel="subsection"title="3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?">
<linkhref="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3"rel="subsection"title="3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?">
<linkhref="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames"rel="subsection"title="6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?">
<linkhref="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames"rel="subsection"title="6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?">
<linkhref="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen"rel="subsection"title="6.5.1 What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?">
This program splits large package into smaller files (e.g., for writing onto a
set of floppy disks), and can also be used to merge a set of split files back
into a single file. It can only be used on a Debian system (i.e. a system
containing the <code>dpkg</code> package), since it calls the program
<samp>dpkg-deb</samp> to parse the debian package file into its component
records.
</p>
<p>
For example, to split a big .deb file into N parts,
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>
Execute the command <samp>dpkg-split --split foo.deb</samp>. This will produce
N files each of approximately 460 KBytes long in the current directory.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
<p>
Copy those N files to floppy disks.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
<p>
Copy the contents of the floppy disks onto the hard disk of your choice on the
other machine.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
<p>
Join those part-files together using <samp>dpkg-split --join
"foo*"</samp>.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2><aname="s-updaterunning"></a>8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?</h2>
<p>
The kernel (file system) in Debian GNU/Linux systems supports replacing files
even while they're being used.
</p>
<p>
We also provide a program called <code>start-stop-daemon</code> which is used
to start daemons at boot time or to stop daemons when the runlevel is changed
(e.g., from multi-user to single-user or to halt). The same program is used by
installation scripts when a new package containing a daemon is installed, to
stop running daemons, and restart them as necessary.
</p>
<hr>
<h2><aname="s-whatpackages"></a>8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?</h2>
<p>
To learn the status of all the packages installed on a Debian system, execute
the command
</p>
<pre>
dpkg --list
</pre>
<p>
This prints out a one-line summary for each package, giving a 2-letter status
symbol (explained in the header), the package name, the version which is
<em>installed</em>, and a brief description.
</p>
<p>
To learn the status of packages whose names match the string any pattern
beginning with "foo" by executing the command:
</p>
<pre>
dpkg --list 'foo*'
</pre>
<p>
To get a more verbose report for a particular package, execute the command:
</p>
<pre>
dpkg --status packagename
</pre>
<hr>
<h2><aname="s-listfiles"></a>8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?</h2>
<p>
To list all the files provided by the installed package <samp>foo</samp>
execute the command
</p>
<pre>
dpkg --listfiles foo
</pre>
<p>
Note that the files created by the installation scripts aren't displayed.
</p>
<hr>
<h2><aname="s-filesearch"></a>8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?</h2>
<p>
To identify the package that produced the file named <samp>foo</samp> execute
either:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>
<samp>dpkg --search filename</samp>
</p>
<p>
This searches for <samp>filename</samp> in installed packages. (This is
(currently) equivalent to searching all of the files having the file extension
of <samp>.list</samp> in the directory <samp>/var/lib/dpkg/info/</samp>, and
adjusting the output to print the names of all the packages containing it, and
diversions.)
</p>
<p>
A faster alternative to this is the <code>dlocate</code> tool.
</p>
<pre>
dlocate -S filename
</pre>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
<p>
<samp>zgrep foo Contents-ARCH.gz</samp>
</p>
<p>
This searches for files which contain the substring <samp>foo</samp> in their
full path names. The files <samp>Contents-ARCH.gz</samp> (where ARCH
represents the wanted architecture) reside in the major package directories
(main, non-free, contrib) at a Debian FTP site (i.e. under
<samp>/debian/dists/etch</samp>). A <samp>Contents</samp> file refers only to
the packages in the subdirectory tree where it resides. Therefore, a user
might have to search more than one <samp>Contents</samp> files to find the
package containing the file <samp>foo</samp>.
</p>
<p>
This method has the advantage over <samp>dpkg --search</samp> in that it will
find files in packages that are not currently installed on your system.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
<p>
<samp>apt-file search <var>foo</var></samp>
</p>
<p>
If you install the <code>apt-file</code>, similar to the above, it searches
files which contain the substring or regular expression <samp>foo</samp> in
their full path names. The advantage over the sample above is that there is no
need to retrieve the <samp>Contents-ARCH.gz</samp> files as it will do this
automatically for all the sources defined in <code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code>
when you run (as root) <samp>apt-file update</samp>.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2><aname="s-datapackages"></a>8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?</h2>
<p>
Some packages are split in program (`foo') and data (`foo-data') (or in `foo'
and `foo-doc'). This is true for many games, multimedia applications and
dictionaries in Debian and has been introduced since some users might want to
access the raw data without installing the program or because the program can
be run without the data itself, making it optional.
</p>
<p>
Similar situations occur when dealing with libraries: generally these get
installed since packages containing applications depend on them. When the
application-package is purged, the library-package might stay on the system.
Or: when the application-package no longer depends upon e.g. libdb4.2, but
upon libdb4.3, the libdb4.2 package might stay when the application-package is
upgraded.
</p>
<p>
In these cases, `foo-data' doesn't depend on `foo', so when you remove the
`foo' package it will not get automatically removed by most package management
tools. The same holds true for the library packages. This is necessary to
avoid circular dependencies. If you use <code>aptitude</code> (see <a
href="#s-aptitude">aptitude, Section 8.1.3</a>) as your package management tool
it will, however, track automatically installed packages and remove them when
